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Important applications of the fluorescent phosphatidylinositol derivatives as probes for signal transduction and various fluorescent phospholipids as phospholipase substrates are further described in Probes for Lipid Metabolism and Signaling-Section 17.4. Sphingolipids, steroids and lipopolysaccharides are discussed in Sphingolipids, Steroids, Lipopolysaccharides and Related Probes-Section 13.3. Also included in this section are several head group–modified phospholipid analogs incorporating a fluorophore or biotin ( Phospholipids with labeled head groups-Table 13.1). In this location, they are sensitive to membrane properties such as lipid fluidity, lateral domain formation and structural perturbation by proteins, drugs and other additives. The fluorophores in these probes tend to remain buried in the hydrophobic interior of lipid bilayer membranes. Included in this section are fluorescent fatty acid analogs, as well as phospholipids wherein one or both fatty acid esters are replaced by fluorescent fatty acid esters. The probes in this section and in Sphingolipids, Steroids, Lipopolysaccharides and Related Probes-Section 13.3 bear some structural resemblance to natural lipids. Chapter 23-Antifades and Other Tools for Fluorescence Applications.

Chapter 22-Probes for Membrane Potential.Chapter 21-Indicators for Na+, K+, Cl– and Miscellaneous Ions.Chapter 19-Indicators for Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+ and Other Metal Ions.Chapter 18-Probes for Reactive Oxygen Species, Including Nitric Oxide.Chapter 17-Probes for Signal Transduction.Chapter 16-Probes for Endocytosis, Receptors and Ion Channels.Chapter 15-Assays for Cell Viability, Proliferation and Function.Chapter 14-Fluorescent Tracers of Cell Morphology and Fluid Flow.Chapter 13-Probes for Lipids and Membranes.

Chapter 11-Probes for Cytoskeletal Proteins.

Chapter 10-Enzyme Substrates and Assays.

Chapter 9-Protein Detection and Analysis.

Chapter 8-Nucleic Acid Detection and Analysis.

Chapter 7-Antibodies, Avidins and Lectins.

Chapter 6-Ultrasensitive Detection Technology.

Chapter 5-Crosslinking and Photoactivatable Reagents.

Chapter 4-Biotin and Hapten Derivatives.

Chapter 3-Click Chemistry and other Functional Group Modifications.

Chapter 1-Fluorophores and Their Amine-Reactive Derivatives.

There are multiple factors that lead to membrane fluidity.

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